Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye condition that primarily affects older adults. Among its two main forms, wet AMD is the more advanced and potentially more severe type. In this blog post, we will discuss what wet AMD is, its causes, symptoms, and the various treatment options available to manage this sight-threatening condition.
Understanding Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Wet AMD, also known as neovascular AMD, is a condition characterized by the growth of abnormal blood vessels under the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for detailed and sharp vision. These abnormal blood vessels are fragile and prone to leaking blood and fluid, leading to swelling and damage to the macula. Unlike dry AMD, which involves the accumulation of drusen (tiny yellow deposits) in the macula, wet AMD progresses more rapidly and poses a higher risk of severe vision loss.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of wet AMD is not fully understood. However, several risk factors have been identified that increase the likelihood of developing the condition:
Age: The risk of developing AMD increases with age, with the majority of cases occurring in individuals over the age of 50.
Family History: Having a family history of AMD can significantly increase the risk of developing the condition.
Smoking: Smoking has been strongly linked to a higher risk of AMD development and progression.
Genetics: Specific gene variations have been associated with an increased susceptibility to AMD.
Symptoms of Wet AMD
Wet AMD can cause various visual symptoms, including:
Blurred or Distorted Vision: Straight lines may appear wavy or bent, and central vision may become blurry.
Dark or Empty Spots: Individuals may experience blind spots or areas of decreased vision in their central visual field.
Increased Sensitivity to Light: Bright lights may appear overly intense or cause discomfort.
Loss of Color Vision: Colors may appear dull or washed out.
It is crucial for individuals experiencing these symptoms to seek immediate medical attention from an eye care specialist for a comprehensive examination and diagnosis.
Treatment Options for Wet AMD
While wet AMD is a chronic condition without a known cure, several treatment options are available to manage the disease and slow its progression:
Anti-VEGF Medications: The primary treatment for wet AMD involves the use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) medications. These drugs are injected directly into the eye to block the growth of abnormal blood vessels and reduce leakage. Anti-VEGF treatments help stabilize vision and may even improve it in some cases.
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT): In certain cases, PDT may be used in combination with anti-VEGF medications. This involves injecting a light-activated medication into the bloodstream, which is then activated by laser light to selectively destroy abnormal blood vessels.
Laser Photocoagulation: Although less commonly used in recent years, laser photocoagulation can be employed to seal leaking blood vessels and slow down the progression of wet AMD.
Submacular Surgery: In severe cases where abnormal blood vessels have caused substantial damage, surgical intervention may be considered to remove the affected tissue.